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Nor did this imply only the local welfare of the papacy, the good order and peace of the Patrimony of Peter. Though not all are found in anyone narrative, there is no such thing as a good cause for doubting their normal accuracy. But are they the stuff of fantasy? Kleinclausz (l'Empire Carolingien, and so forth., Paris, 1902, 441 sqq.) denies the authenticity of the famous letter (871) of Emperor Louis II to the Greek Emperor Basil (through which the former acknowledges absolutely the papal origin of his own imperial dignity), and attributes it to Anastasius Bibliotheca in 879. His arguments are weak; the authenticity is admitted by Gregorovius and O. Harnack. Peter and Paul, the pope approached him, placed upon his head the imperial crown, did him formal reverence after the historical manner, saluted him as Emperor and Augustus and anointed him, whereas the Romans present burst out with the acclamation, thrice repeated: "To Carolus Augustus crowned by God, mighty and pacific emperor, be life and victory" (Carolo, piisimo Augusto a Deo coronato, magno et pacificio Imperatori, vita et victoria). Despite the sooner goodwill and assist of the papacy, the Emperor of Constantinople, reputable heir of the imperial title (he still known as himself Roman Emperor, and his capital was officially New Rome) had long proved incapable of preserving his authority within the Italian peninsula.

However, the event of Christmas Day, 800, was long resented at Constantinople, the place eventually the successor of Charles was sometimes called "Emperor", or "Emperor of the Franks", but by no means "Roman Emperor". However, there appears no cause to doubt that for a while earlier the elevation of Charles had been mentioned, both at house and at Rome, particularly in view of two facts: the scandalous condition of the imperial authorities at Constantinople, and the acknowledged grandeur and solidity of the Carolingian house. It could also be noted right here that the chroniclers of the ninth century deal with as "restitution" to St. Peter the various cessions and grants of cities and territory made at this period by the Carolingian rulers within the limits of the Patrimony of Peter. Suffice it so as to add right here that while the imperial consecration made him in concept, what he was already in reality, the principal ruler of the West, and impropriated, as it had been, within the Carolingian line the majesty of historic Rome, it additionally lifted Charles directly to the dignity of supreme temporal protector of Western Christendom and in particular of its head, the Roman Church.

Baluze, I, 247, 341, 345); also that after the ceremony he made very wealthy gifts to the Basilica of St. Peter, and that on the identical day the pope anointed (as King of the Franks) the younger Charles, son of the emperor and at that time probably destined to succeed in the imperial dignity. Leo was sent again to Rome escorted by royal missi; the insurgents, totally frightened and سعر الذهب اليوم unable to convince Charles of the pope's iniquity, surrendered, and the missi sent Paschalis and Campulus, nephews of Adrian I and ringleaders in opposition to Pope Leo, to the king, to be dealt with at the royal pleasure. Charles, it is true, after his imperial consecration exercised practically at Rome his authority as Patricius, or protector of the Roman Church. This (the Duchy of Rome and the Exarchate) he considerably omitted from the partition of the Frankish State made on the Diet of Thionville, in 806. It is to be noted that in this public division of his estate he made no provision for the imperial title, also that he committed to all three sons "the defence and protection of the Roman Church".

In any case, for the reason that Donation of Pepin (752) the pope was formally sovereign of the duchy of Rome and the Exarchate; therefore, aside from its effect on his shadowy declare to the sovereignty of all Italy, the Byzantine ruler had nothing to lose by the elevation of Charles. This determination produced a domino effect. In reality this Roman patriciate, each underneath Pepin and Charles, was not more than a high protectorship of the civil sovereignty of the pope, whose local independence, each before and after the coronation of Charles, is traditionally certain, even aside from the aforesaid imperial charters. It's certain that Charles consistently attributed his imperial dignity to an act of God, made recognized after all by means of the agency of the Vicar of Christ (divino nutu coronatus, a Deo coronatus, in "Capitularia", ed. Charles obtained the Vicar of Christ with all due reverence. Long before this event Pope Adrian I had conferred (774) on Charles his father's dignity of Patricius Romanus, which implied primarily the safety of the Roman Church in all its rights and privileges, above all in the temporal authority which it had gradually acquired (notably in the previous Byzantine Duchy of Rome and the Exarchate of Ravenna) by simply titles within the course of the two previous centuries.

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